Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Monogerm and multigerm seed varieties are used in sugar beet cultivation. Singling is inevitable and mechanization almost impossible when multigerm seed varieties are used. For this and for some other reasons, economically sound and fully mechanized cultivation of sugar beet calls for the use of monogerm seed varieties. Throughout Europe, only monogerm varieties are used in sugar beet production. In sowing monogerm seeds, special types of machineries are implemented and land preparation techniques play a very important rule. In the past, lack of suitable machineries and well prepared lands discouraged farmers from sowing monogerm varieties and therefore, monogerm seed production showed no improvement in quality, quantity and diversity for many years. In recent years, with the growing interest of sugar beet producers, Sugar Beet Research Institute of Iran has focused on monogerm seed production. With the development of varieties suitable for different climatic areas, this institute has reached a high level of commercial success in monogerm seed production. In a multigerm seed production field, some fraction of the crop is monogerm. One way of monogerm seed production, called technical monogerm, is the separation of this fraction of monogerm seed from the multigerm seeds using a combination of round and slotted screens. Another type of monogerm seed is hybrid monogerm and its production is rather complex and requires special tools and material with a growing demand for monogerm seed, Sugar Beet Seed Research Institute has been focusing on the production and development of high quality basic seeds of monogerm type in recent years and the increasing level of commercial production of hybrid monogerm is a clear indication of its success. Table 1 shows the trend of commercial hybrid monogerm seed production in an interval of 5 years. Each year, field performances of domestic varieties are compared with top quality foreign varieties by researchers and technical staffs of SBSI, agricultural organizations and agricultural sectors of sugar refineries. Data gathered from 70 sugar beet production farms with a total of 203 hectares in Western Azerbaijan province for the production year of 2002 is shown in Table 2. At a large scale, average root yield is 5 tons per hectare with 9.01 tons of gross sugar. Domestic varieties show unique superiorities over foreign varieties and in some cases 40% yield increase is observed. Sugar Beet Seed Research Institute has developed Rhizomania and Nematode resistant lines and farmers will have access to the new varieties in the coming years.

Ovary culture was used to develop interspecific hybrid plants between Populus caspica and P. Alba. Developed ovaris were isolated from female branches of Populus caspica, which were pollinated with P. Alba pollen grains using twig and pod breeding techniques. The same artificial pollination procedures have been done on female branches of Populus Alba with P.caspica pollen grains for reciprocal cross. Isolated ovaries were then transferred to growth regulator free half concentrated MS agar medium for embryo germination in Populus caspica x Palba cross. There were no significant differences between MS and Half-MS media for embryo development and germination.Highest embryo germination was observed in 14 days old embryos in (Populus caspica x Palba) and (Populus Alba x Pcaspica) crosses and showed significant differences at 0.05 level (23.9 and 53.12% respectively). Planlets reached 5 or 8 cm height were then cultured in the same medium within jars, before being transferred to the potting soil. Two hundred seventy four plantlets from both crosses were successfully acclimatized in green-house and transplanted in the field.

Today competitive environment has enforced practitioners and researchers to pay great attention to issues enhancing both production and marketing competitiveness. To do so, it has been obligatory for the firms to consider production side activities while customer requirements are on the other side of competition. In this regard, hybrid make-to-stock (MTS) /make-to-order (MTO) production systems have revealed outstanding results. This paper addresses multi-site production planning of a hybrid manufacturing firm for the first time in the hybrid systems’ body of literature. In this regard, a network of suppliers, manufacturers and customers is considered for which a mixed-integer mathematical model is proposed. Objective function of the proposed mathematical model seeks to maximize profitability of the manufacturing firm. Because of computational complexity of the developed mathematical model, a genetic algorithm is developed upon which numerical experiments are reported in order to show validity and applicability of the proposed model.

Rosa hybrida is a perennial plant that after cut off head of the stem, lateral buds become free from apical dominance and begin to growth. In each new period of growth, new and young leaves can be formed. The four leaf samples were numbered from apex to base, showing young to mature leaf stages and some biochemical pigment markers changes were studied. The results suggest that during maturation, in addition to morphological differences, some physiological and biochemical markers are change. Data showed age dependent increase in the amount of pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids to reach the stage of leaf maturity to improve the leaf photosynthetic system efficiency. Gradually reducing in content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids suggest reduction on oxidative damage.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Apple is the most important fruits in the world and development of vegetative rootstocks is the priority of our country. To obtain apple rootstocks compatible with soil conditions in Iran, many crosses were carried out among native-dwarf genotype (Azayesh and Morabaee) as female parents and commercial rootstocks (B9, M9, M27) as male parents from 2005 to 2007. Primary evaluation of progenies was done for selecting of easy rooted and Mealy Aphid (Eriosoma Lanigerum) resistance. 218 genotypes were selected among 3032 hybrids based on high resistance to Mealy Aphid and high rooting ability. Rooting ability of hard wood cuttings, in hot bed conditions evaluated in the second phase and 13 genotypes with high length and number of roots as well as callus amount were selected. Results showed that progeny of Azayesh × (M27, M9 and B9) had high rooting ability while progeny of Morabaee × (M27, M9 and B9) had low rooting ability. Ratios of main root number to hairy root number on open pollinated progeny of Iranian genotypes were more than imported rootstocks. These characteristics are important for establishment of rootstocks in soil and for their drought tolerance. They also indicate better acclimation ability to soil conditions of our country.

In this paper, firstly, the current methodologies of planning and production control will be studied in Pull and Hybrid Systems and then by using Multi Attribute Decision Making methods, the authors try to select the best way to plan and control the production line of L90 (Tondar) after ranking them. To do this, initially, from the point of view of the experts, the most important scales are identified and selected via Delphi Method, then the importance of these scales will be prioritized by group AHP Method and finally, Borda Group Decision making method pays attention to the methodologies available and determines the ranking of them.

In recent years, hydrogels have been considered as one of the mos t promising materials due to their unique properties. Hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymer s tructures that are able to absorb and holding water or biological fluid. Thus, the hydrogel networks can extensively swell in water media without dissolution. In the las t few decades, hydrogels have been used in various indus tries such as food, packaging, pharmaceutical and drug delivery sys tems, agriculture, biomedical and bioengineering applications, manufacturing of technical and electronic devices, and as adsorbent for the removal of pollutants in environmental applications. Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogels are a type of hydrogel that, due to the hydrophilic nature of polymer chains can absorb and retain extraordinary large amounts of water or aqueous solution up to hundreds of times their weight. In recent years, new superabsorbent hydrogels have been developed for different applications. High demand for these subs tances, especially in personal hygiene, has led to an increase in their production (now over three million tons per year). Because the main components of commercial and widely used SAPs in indus try are based on raw materials derived from fossil resources (oil, gas and coal), the widespread use of SAPs and their increasing production, on the one hand, have contributed to environmental concerns by contributing to water, soil and air pollution, and, on the other hand, have threatened global price fluctuations and the degradability of fossil resources. Therefore, the replacement of at leas t some components of SAPs with natural, biobased or renewable raw materials (such as lactic acid, succinic acid and itaconic acid) and the production of SAPs with hybrid s tructures have been considered. The purpose of this paper is to review the hybrid SAPs based on some biobased compounds that are used in three s tructural parts of the polymer network including crosslinker, surface modifier and monomer.

An attempt was made to regenerate bulblets from ex vitro node explants of hybrid lilies in the year 2007. Node sections (3-4 mm) isolated from the middle part of the stem in hybrid lilies were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with several combinations of NAA and BA. Growth regulator-free medium was not effective in inducing bulblet regeneration. A significant increase in the percent of explant producing bulblets and number of bulblets per explants was observed when 2 mg/l NAA was used in combination with 1.5 or 2 mg/l BA. The heaviest bulblets were obtained with 2 mg/l NAA in combination with 1.5 mg/l BA after 90 days of culture.The cultivar Apeldoorn produced greater number of bulblets whereas more weighty bulblets were produced in the cultivar Beartix. 1 or 2 mg/l IBA was most effective in producing roots. The rooted bulblets were hardened with 80-82% survival success after 30 days of transfer in the pots.